Web site for Oral Health Care Teams in Bangladesh

Project
The famous "5W1H" has already been described in our blog.
But overly metaphysical analysis or Aristotle's approach is useless in the real field.
(Also "four causes" in Aristotelian thought.)
Bacon has been reputed as the "Father of experimental philosophy and scientific method "by his non-metaphysical approach to science.
Here, the significance, meaning and etc... of the Dental campaign are at aside,the form, planning and operation plan are described from the viewpoint of actual campaign that has been conducted until now.
The details of TBI and OC are not written here.

Seminar
Seminar is meetings with small groups focusing on some particular subject.
This is often accomplished through dialogue with leaders or instructors.
Discusstion, questions and debates will be raised/conducted.

Training Workshop
A training workshop is a type of interactive training where participants carry out some training activities rather than passively listen to a lecture.
This workshop is a closed workshop towards specific group (Dentist etc.) which needs training for standization of OC and TBI. .

Organization Workshop
The simulation of project activities is performed by divided groups, and the roles are shared among the participants. (Close to map maneuver in military exercises.)
It will be necessary prior to large-scale projects in the field.
An experienced dentist needs to be the group leader.
Although this method requires participants to have a good knowledge of dentistry and social work, the knowledge of non-dentist participants is not sufficient to generate useful conclusions and actions in mutual discussions.

Educational Workshop
This is not a workshop conducted by members and staff for project planning, project preparation and simulation.
The target audience of the workshop is the beneficiaries of the project.
It is targeted at local healthcare workers and teachers, sometimes dentists, doctors, nurses and government officials.
Usually, we give lectures in advance and enter the workshop.
We have a workshop at where local health care workers create posters for oral health awareness.
This is an important core　(same as Dental Camp) of the project, not a planning or preparation item .

Broad and Easy PR activities by using TV/Radio program, SNS and Youtube.
It is a problem for many developing countries that tribes, relatives, and regions are strongly connected, and even if social projects are successful, they do not spread or want to expand from thier beneficiary groups.
For these reasons, pabulic dissemination by using media is important in projects.

Points to remaind at communication.
In order to avoid unnecessary conflicts and troubles (request of benefit and/or obstacles from the unprofitable side) caused by influential person and stakeholders, careful notification will be essential.
The management side usually consider "good/right" or "bad/wrong", but the motives of the participants are "profitable" or "unprofitable".
Gifts are not bribe in all case, its sometime important for rituals and faces.
In particular, at their initial participation.
The operator needs to forgive this at initial period but lead them to awareness ASAP.
For example, delivery of
Cash and daily necessities
→ Relevant things (tooth brush toothpasete)
→→ Things that lead to enlightenment and awareness( tooth brushing calendar, health handbook(recordbook), textbook)

Planning method
* One-time project such as building one building → Cascade/Waterfall method
The waterfall development method is the most plan-oriented method.
In the waterfall development method, each process of requirements definition, analysis, planning and execution is performed in strict order.
If the initial requirements definition or analysis fails, the project often fails with its very rigid responses.
This planning method is not suitable for education and social projects where requirements are not exactly defined and analyzed.

* Education and social work.
Two "Spiral model" to improve the plan by repetitions of execution and evaluation cycle

* Plan-Do-Check (Study) -Act (PDCA) cycle (spiral up)
PDCA loop is adopted in the global quality control standard ISO and the Japanese quality control system JIS.
It is famous in Japan as "Deming circle" and also as "TOYOTA Production System".
If the PDCA also fails at the initial requirements definition and analysis, the project often fails by its very rigid response, and sometimes it is ironically called "Plan-Delay-Cancel-Apologize cycle".
Improvements and modifications such as OPDCA which performs Observe first and PCDA which performs Check (Study) before Act are also proposed.
PDCA

* Observe- Orient (Adaptation to the situation)-Decide- Act-Loop
The theory by US Air Force Colonel John (Richard) Boyd.
It is a thought that has arisen not from strategy but from tactics, and places more emphasis on Observation of objects than starting from the Plan by the implementing side.
(Some people say that OODA not PDCA from now on, but these two are not mutually exclusive concepts, but concepts that complement each other.)
PDCA loop → Management Process and more Strategic.
OODA loop → Operation Process and more Tactical.
OODA

Observe Raw data
Orient (situation judgment :Data are processed into information by the following functions for judgment.)
(c)Cultural Traditions
(a)Analysis & Synthesis
(p)Previous Experiences
(n)New Information
(g)Genetic Heritage
→The functions are arranged in a star-like fashion in cooperation with each other.
→Multiple Feedforward / Feedback loops loop around each function.
Decide (Decision-making. The decision is made from the information.)
Act

Feedforward / Feedback Loops are not single but multiple.
It is not a concept of a cycle in which the four elements of OODA rotate in order.

----- Example of target observation and analysis ----
--(p)Previous Experiences-- In developing countries, the gap between urban and rural areas is very large.
Also even in the same area, the difference by facilities and social class is large.
For example, medical/dental education by using SNS and IT(PC) is possible above upper middle class in urban areas.
On the other hand, people in the rural and common people in urban areas need education rely on picture-story shows and demonstrations.
--(n)New Information-- As the previous JICA project was for rural areas, we confirmed the sales volume and price of toothbrushes in the target area before the start,
--(a)Analysis & Synthesis-- and confirmed that it was feasible.

OODA has the following three features.
(1) The emphasis is on ad-hoc response after the start of the project, rather than in advance.
(2) The start of the loop is in the observation of the object.
(3) The action control is not only in the top and the long big loop but also in the quick response mainly by the short and small loops in the field

* Meeting/Communication
Don't underestimate the importance of communication.
Many projects have collapsed with neglect of staff communication.
Projects supported by the conscientious volunteering of their members are not forced to be carried out like the military.
( Even in the armed forces, orders without communication and understanding are the main cause of defeat. )
It is important to meet and confirm the detail in the day before the moving or activity. And fix any trouble ASAP!

* Failure and side effects of Project
Failure and side effects are different.
Any project is an intervention.
For this reason, even if the project is successful, other factors may cause some side effects in the area.

Typical the side effects are caused by distribution of materials that can not be avoided (especially during the introductory period).
1) Rely on Aid rather than Self‐supporting effort.
(Many people and groups (NGO/NPO) want to help people in Bangladesh who are in trouble .
But almoat all problems are not a problem ”after a disaster".
It's still on-going.
What will happen if you ( with good will ) give a candy to someone, when a dentist (like us!) is scolding people for " Protect your teeth by yourself !" ?
Therefore, any goods/items and money cannot be distributed unconditionally.
Every "Help/Aid" should be given on the condition of a promise "protecting yourself by yourself" !
We have never distributed tooth brush unconditionally(without education) in our dental/medical practice in Dental Camp .
Please reduce the burden of Bangladesh !
Your help to a person who spread a bad behaver to others without education will kill many people with good will. Please help people by using proper education!)
2) It also depends on the Authority of developed countries rather than Self-respect.
3) Compete for assistance rather than own production(Self‐supporting effort), lead to Envy and Hilarity, and create Dissidents and Divisions in the region and class.
These are major Negative Legacy to the Awareness for the Self‐supporting effort in health.

When planning a expanding project, it is necessary to clearly recognize the points that you want to avoid by eveulating side effects of the past project case.

* Agile development
In agile development, rather than writing a lot of documents, people in the project directly meet and communicate when needed.
There is a criticism that this method tends to initiate inadequate preplanning and that there are few documents that can be considered for improvement later.
There is also a criticism that face-to-face discussions are not possible in large projects.
For this reason, it is not suitable for social projects that require succession and have many stakeholders.
This method is likely to become Cowboy style, that is to say, each of them is doing what they think is good.

* Project Management Tools
There are several ways (software) to plan the actual materials and schedule of the project.
< Microsoft Visio >
< Microsoft Project>

Various project management tools are used for planning, and popular/simple Excel are often used.
But just Excel and a Flowchart template would be enough for small-scale dental campaigns.

There are some free and usable software that can replace expensive professional software.
* draw.io is a drawing-based software for creating a flowchart.
< draw.io >


The drawing by the format of your self-style using Power Point is hard to create and can not be understood by others.
There is also the risk of becoming an analysis full of contradictions.
This problem is widely Pointed out.
Power Point( without a nice plug-in) is not Visio.

Even in the worst case, it is better to use a "Plastic Flow Chart Template" to draw the draft.
The plastic template conforms to the national industry standard and there is no room for delusion of the writer.

* Ganttproject is famous as Gantt chart type progress chart making software.
< Ganttproject>
< about Gantt chart>


For complicated pre-planning object analysis, Making charts according to UML language (Unified Modeling Language) are recommended.

< UML >
* PlantUML is a plug-in to Microsoft Visual Stdio code(published free of charge) for creating UML diagrams.
< PlantUML >
(Requires Java and Graphviz as Graphics)
< Visual Stdio Code >

Note--UML is an Object-Oriented Approach. Object-Oriented Approach is an excellent programming method for many system.
But there is an element that causes negative effects if it is applied to a social project targeting many people who have various emotions and makes different responses,　even using Polymorphism.
For example, Capsulation is a concealment of information, and it is often warned that it should be minimal, as it leads to suspicion about fraudulent or animosity, and makes Failsafe approach against a crisis difficult.
The exssesive Specialization and Generalization by using Class are also the same.

In order to manage various documents, a method in which dates are added to holder names and file names is widely used .
To manage a large amount of documents, in particular if revisions are required may times and many author, a free version-control-system "Git" is recommended.
< version-control-system Git >

The details about these tools are not written here.